Government Debt Relief Programs: Official Pathways to Financial Freedom

The landscape for federal student loans shifted dramatically in late 2025. With the legal termination of the SAVE plan, millions of borrowers are transitioning to new frameworks authorized by the "One Big Beautiful Bill Act." The primary government solution moving forward is the Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP).

Key Takeaways

• Student Loan Overhaul: The SAVE plan has ended. The new Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP) launches July 1, 2026, featuring a $10 minimum monthly payment and a 100% interest subsidy on unpaid interest.
• Housing Aid Limits: Federal Homeowner Assistance Fund (HAF) programs are largely closing. Homeowners should immediately seek Loss Mitigation options like payment deferrals through HUD-approved counselors.
• Medical Debt Status: The federal rule banning medical debt on credit reports was vacated in July 2025. Borrowers must now rely on state-specific laws or hospital "Charity Care" programs for relief.
• Tax Settlements: The IRS Offer in Compromise (OIC) allows you to settle tax debt for less than you owe, provided you meet strict "Reasonable Collection Potential" calculations.
• Social Security Clawbacks: As of March 2025, the SSA has resumed withholding 100% of monthly benefits to recover overpayments, though hardship waivers remain available.

The New Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP)

Starting July 1, 2026, RAP becomes the standard for income-driven repayment. Unlike previous plans that used complex "discretionary income" formulas, RAP calculates payments based on your Total Adjusted Gross Income (AGI).

• Payment Calculation: Borrowers earning under $10,000 annually pay a flat $10 monthly minimum. Those earning more pay between 1% and 10% of their income, depending on their earnings bracket.
• Interest Subsidy: The government waives 100% of unpaid monthly interest. If your calculated payment is $10 but your interest is $50, the government covers the difference so your balance never grows.
• Family Support: You receive a $50 monthly deduction from your payment for each dependent child, providing direct relief for families.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF)

For government and non-profit employees, PSLF remains a vital tool for total debt cancellation. You can achieve forgiveness after 120 qualifying monthly payments. However, you must ensure you are enrolled in a valid repayment plan like RAP or IBR, as the terminated SAVE plan creates a gap in qualifying payments for many. Verify your employer's eligibility directly through(https://studentaid.gov/manage-loans/forgiveness-cancellation/public-service) to ensure your payments count toward forgiveness.

Housing Assistance and Mortgage Relief

The pandemic-era Homeowner Assistance Fund (HAF) is entering its final sunset phase. While some states like California may still have limited funds for socially disadvantaged homeowners until late 2026, most state portals have closed. Relief has now shifted back to standard federal protection protocols.

HUD-Approved Loss Mitigation

If you missed the HAF window, you are not out of options. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) offers "Loss Mitigation" programs. These are not cash grants but official restructuring agreements designed to prevent foreclosure.

• Payment Deferral: This allows you to move missed payments to the end of your loan term. This brings your account current immediately without requiring a large lump-sum payment.
• Loan Modification: Servicers can lower your interest rate or extend your loan term to 40 years. This targets a reduction in your monthly mortgage principal and interest by 20% or more.
• Forbearance: In the wake of natural disasters, servicers can grant immediate pauses on payments.

Always work with a HUD-approved housing counselor. These professionals offer free or low-cost guidance and can help you negotiate with your loan servicer. You can locate a certified counselor through the(https://www.consumerfinance.gov/find-a-housing-counselor/) directory.

IRS Tax Debt Settlements

The IRS offers one of the few true "settlement" programs in the federal government. The Offer in Compromise (OIC) allows taxpayers to resolve their federal tax liability for a lower amount than originally owed.

Qualifying for an Offer in Compromise

This is not an amnesty program; it is a rigid mathematical calculation. The IRS analyzes your Reasonable Collection Potential (RCP). If your assets and future income generally cannot cover the debt before the statute of limitations expires, they may accept a lower offer.

Key OIC Requirements:

1. File All Returns: You must be current on all tax filings to even apply.
2. Make Estimated Payments: You must be current on estimated tax payments for the current year.
3. Prove Hardship: You must demonstrate that paying the full amount would cause economic hardship or be inequitable.

Use the official(https://irs.treasury.gov/oic_pre_qualifier/) tool to check your eligibility anonymously before paying the application fee.

Medical Debt Relief and Credit Reporting

The fight to remove medical debt from credit reports has faced significant legal hurdles. While the CFPB finalized a rule in January 2025 to ban medical debt reporting, a federal judge vacated this rule in July 2025. Consequently, medical debt can still appear on credit reports in many jurisdictions.

State-Level Protections and Charity Care

Despite the federal setback, relief is available at the state and local levels. Areas like North Carolina and Los Angeles County have implemented programs to purchase and cancel medical debt for low-income residents.

• Charity Care: Non-profit hospitals are required by law to offer financial assistance policies. Always ask for an application for "Charity Care" or "Bridge Assistance" before paying a bill.
• State Bans: Some states, including New York and Colorado, have enacted their own laws restricting medical debt reporting or aggressive collection tactics.

Social Security Overpayment Waivers

If you receive Social Security benefits, be aware of strict new recovery rules. Effective March 27, 2025, the Social Security Administration (SSA) reinstated a policy to withhold 100% of monthly benefits to recover overpayments, reversing a temporary 10% cap.

How to Request a Waiver

If you receive an overpayment notice, you can fight the total clawback. You must file Form SSA-632 (Request for Waiver of Overpayment Recovery).

You generally qualify for a waiver if:

1. The overpayment was not your fault.
2. Paying it back would defeat the purpose of the program (leave you unable to pay bills) or be "against equity and good conscience."

Bankruptcy: The Statutory Debt Discharge

Bankruptcy is often misunderstood, yet it remains the most powerful government-authorized debt relief tool. Administered by federal courts, it provides an "Automatic Stay" that legally stops all collection calls, lawsuits, and wage garnishments immediately.

• Chapter 7: Known as "liquidation," this wipes out unsecured debts like credit cards and medical bills in 3–6 months. It requires passing a means test to ensure you cannot afford to pay.
• Chapter 13: This is a repayment plan lasting 3–5 years. It is often used to save a home from foreclosure by catching up on missed mortgage payments over time.

All filers must complete credit counseling from an agency approved by the(https://www.justice.gov/ust/list-credit-counseling-agencies-approved-pursuant-11-usc-111) to ensure they understand the process and their alternatives.

Identifying and Avoiding Debt Relief Scams

Legitimate government programs never charge upfront fees. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) explicitly bans companies from demanding payment before they have successfully settled your debt.

Red Flags to Watch For:

• Guarantees: No one can guarantee debt forgiveness; it depends entirely on strict eligibility formulas.
• Upfront Fees: It is illegal for private debt relief companies to charge you before getting results.
• "Biden/Trump" Program Claims: Scammers often use current political names to sound official.

Always verify the status of a relief provider. If they ask for money via wire transfer or gift cards, it is a scam. Legitimate help is available through.gov portals and HUD-approved agencies.

Frequently Asked Questions